长三角典型村域次降雨条件下氮素非点源输出特征

研究长三角典型都市农业村镇不同土地利用下的氮素非点源输出特征,以期为治理该区域的面源污染提供科学依据.通过典型次降雨径流事件中氮形态和输出负荷变化的研究发现:监测点总氮(TN)的事件平均浓度(EMC)为20.01～22.83mg/L,其中溶解态氮(DN)占TN的比例最大;研究区非点源氮流失以溶解态为主,DN又以溶解态有机氮(DON)为主.耦合各形态氮浓度与径流量特征,发现非点源氮素输出呈现2个峰值,且出现在径流峰值之前4～55min;TN、DN和硝态氮(NO3--N)浓度随降雨时间增加呈现减少趋势;氮素负荷受其浓度和径流量的共同作用,基本上呈现与氮素浓度相同的变化特征,但起伏变化较为平缓.氮素污染负荷积累曲线分析表明,村域地表径流各形态氮素均存在初期冲刷效应.     

有机磷农药降解方法及应用研究新进展

现代农业的发展和有机磷农药的使用密切相关,所造成的严重的农产品和环境污染是农业发展有待解决的关键问题之一。介绍了超声波技术、吸附、洗涤和辐照等物理方法,微生物、降解酶和工程菌等生物方法,水解、氧化分解和光化学降解等化学方法对有机磷农药的降解作用及其相关的应用研究。     

Effects of metal cations on sorption-desorption of p-nitrophenol onto wheat ash

The mutual e ects of metal cations (Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+) and p-nitrophenol (NP) on their adsorption desorption behavior onto wheat ash were studied. Results suggested that Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ diminished the adsorption and increased the desorption of NP remarkably, while Cd2+ had no such e ect. In contrast, NP diminished the adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ onto ash, however, this suppression e ect depended on the initial concentrations of metal cations. NP had no e ect on Cd2+ adsorption on ash. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) studies suggested the following mechanisms responsible for the metal suppression e ect on NP adsorption: (1) large hydrated Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ shells occupied the surface of ash and prevent nonspecific adsorption of NP onto ash surface; (2) Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ may block the micropores of ash, resulting in decreased adsorption of NP; (3) complexation of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ was likely via carboxyl, hydroxylic and phenolic groups of wheat ash and these same groups may also react with NP during adsorption. As a “soft acid”, Cd2+ is less e cient in the complexation of oxygencontaining acid groups than Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+. Thus, Cd2+ had no e ect on the adsorption of NP on wheat ash.     

Ru-Ta/Ti阳极电解深度处理垃圾渗滤液

采用Ru-Ta/Ti三元电极为阳极,以不锈钢电极为阴极对垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水进行了电解处理研究,以COD为控制指标.重点研究了电解电压、电解时间、pH值、曝气量、电解质的添加等因素对电解处理效果的影响.研究结果表明:电压为7 V、处理时间为30 min、pH=9、曝气量为0.04m3/h、添加电解质为MnⅡ的条件下电...     

汉江流域水污染现状及污染源调查

评价了汉江流域水质污染现状：汉江流域干流水质好于支流,从上游至下游污染状况逐渐上升,主要污染物为COD、TP、NH3-N,污染特征为有机污染型。对汉江流域污染源进行了调查：汉江流域面源污染大于点源,排放负荷较大的是农业地表径流、城镇生活污水、畜禽养殖。     

西安市2013年空气质量状况分析

本文收集西安市2013年环境监测站发布的空气质量指数（AQI）及环境空气状况与监测月报资料,对空气质量等级、AQI变化情况、主要污染物浓度变化趋势及采暖期和非采暖期浓度比较进行分析.研究结果表明：西安市2013空气质量二级以上的达标率为37.8％,年均AQI值为151,SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的月监测浓度变化趋势无显著意义,采暖期平均浓度均显著高于非采暖期平均浓度,PM2.5采暖期均值是非采暖期均值的3.09倍.由此可见控制SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的排放是改善西安市空气质量的重点工作.     

重庆园博园龙景湖新建初期内源氮磷分布特征及扩散通量估算

采集重庆园博园龙景湖不同区域沉积物样柱,分析沉积物上覆水和孔隙水中氮磷垂直分布特征,并利用一维孔隙水扩散模型(Fick定律)来估算氨氮和正磷酸盐的扩散通量和年负荷贡献量.结果表明,龙景湖沉积物-水界面氨氮从上覆水到孔隙水在垂直剖面上总体都呈现出增大趋势;表层(0~5 cm)沉积物孔隙水中氨氮平均浓度为6.13 mg·L-1±3.07 mg·L-1,是上覆水氨氮平均含量10倍.正磷酸盐垂直分布特征总体表现为先增大再减小,在表层孔隙水出现极大值;沉积物孔隙水中正磷酸盐平均浓度为2.01 mg·L-1±1.05 mg·L-1.所有区域氨氮均表现为由沉积物向上覆水释放,新增淹没区库湾区域氨氮扩散通量低于6.0 mg·(m2·d)-1,龙景沟水库、龙景湖主湖原有湖区氨氮扩散通量分别高达47.19 mg·(m2·d)-1、40.29mg·(m2·d)-1.原有湖区正磷酸盐表现为由沉积物向上覆水释放,扩散通量仍以龙景湖主湖及龙景沟水库最大,为7.89mg·(m2·d)-1、6.13 mg·(m2·d)-1.新增淹没区的河道、库湾及赵家溪部分区域正磷酸盐却表现为由上覆水向沉积物中扩散,扩散通量为-1.93~-2.78 mg·(m2·d)-1.整个湖区氨氮年负荷贡献量为3.95 t·a-1,新增淹没区贡献率为85%;正磷酸盐年负荷贡献量为0.357 t·a-1,新增淹没区贡献率为72%.     

粉煤灰负载Fe2O3脱除气态单质汞的试验研究

在固定床反应器中研究了利用燃煤电厂固废粉煤灰(FA)负载Fe2O3所制备的Fe2O3/FA催化剂对气态Hg0的脱除情况,发现Fe2O3/FA具有较高的脱除Hg0的能力.同时,考察了Fe2O3负载量、温度、空速、Hg0浓度、烟气成分等对Fe2O3/FA脱除Hg0的影响.结果表明,Fe2O3/FA对Hg0的脱除能力随Fe2O3负载量(1%~10%)的增加和温度(120~200℃)的升高而增强;Fe2O3/FA在较低的空速和Hg0浓度条件下表现出了更高的脱除Hg0的活性;HCl和O2促进了Fe2O3/FA对Hg0的脱除,而SO2和H2O抑制了Fe2O3/FA对Hg0的脱除.逐级化学提取实验结果证实,Fe2O3将Hg0氧化为Hg2+的化合物并吸附在FA上,这是Fe2O3/FA具有较高的脱除Hg0能力的原因.     

EM菌处理垃圾渗滤液的微生物生态学及机理分析研究

通过DNA提取,PCR扩增和DGGE分离,用BLAST程序进行相似性比较分析体系中微生物群落多样性。所有序列与数据库中16S rDNA序列的相似性在94%~100%之间。从整个挂膜过程考虑,挂膜时间应在8天左右。渗滤液中污染物的去除与投加EM有很大的关系,但是渗滤液中原始菌种的贡献同样不可忽视。投加EM菌剂促进了渗滤液中群落结构演替和功能优化,并最终通过EM菌剂和渗滤液中原始菌群的共同作用实现渗滤液处理系统效能提高和完善。     

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mariannaea</Emphasis> sp. HJ and their catalysis in reduction of 4-nitrophenol

In the present study, biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by the cells (cells-AuNPs) and cell-free extracts (extracts-AuNPs) of a new fungus Mariannaea sp. HJ was reported. The as-synthesized particles were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of different parameters on AuNP biosynthesis were investigated, and initial gold ion concentration of 2 mM, pH 7, was demonstrated to be suitable for both cells-AuNP and extracts-AuNP syntheses. The cells-AuNPs were of various shapes, including sphere, hexagon, and irregular shapes, with an average size of 37.4 nm, while the extracts-AuNPs were almost spherical and pseudo-spherical with an average size of 11.7 nm. XRD pattern suggested that the crystal structure of both AuNPs was face-centered cubic. FTIR spectra implied that some biomolecules from the fungal cell walls or cell-free extracts were involved in the formation of AuNPs. The as-synthesized AuNPs were demonstrated to have excellent catalytic activities for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol with the catalytic rate constants of 5.7 × 10^?3/s for cells-AuNPs and 24.7 × 10^?3/s for extracts-AuNPs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on AuNP biosynthesis by Mariannaea sp.